Wizard of oz and spirited away Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wizard of oz and spirited away - Essay Example The Wizard of Oz is a tale about the negotiation of gender, race and identity in popular culture. Spirited Away is about a child’s transition from childhood to adulthood. Spirited Away is a film about a Japanese girl who moves to a new city with her parents. In this film, the young girl goes through stages of transition, which are accompanied by rites of passage. In her adventure through her new world, Chihiro becomes lost in a fantastical world. She meets odd creatures, which alternately hinder and help in her adventure. The film has numerous Shrine Shinto and folk perspectives, which are embedded in the Japanese cultural vocabulary of the film. The film is a representation of the Japanese culture. It has numerous instances that portray the Japanese Shrine Shinto and folk perspectives, which are embedded in its cultural vocabulary (Clews and Michael 187). Spirited Away centers on Chihiro and her journey through the world of spirits. During her journey, Chihiro becomes separated from her previous world. Her experiences in this world are comparable to the experiences of Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz because they represent a rite of passage to adulthood. The archetypical entrance of Chihiro into the spiritual world demarcated her status as an individual who is between childhood and adult hood. In addition to the rite of passage, Spirited Away also provides critical commentary of the Japanese society, in a similar fashion to the Wizard of Oz (Clews and Michael 188). The film focuses on critical cultural perspectives such as the dissolution of traditional cultures, generational conflicts and customs present in a globalized society. Like in Spirited Away, Dorothy, in the Wizard of Oz, lives in a fantastical world. She lives in the world of Oz, which is inhabited by witches. The world of Oz is facing a major conflict between the wicked witches and good withes. Unlike Chihiro, Dorothy is treated like a heroine because her

Martin Johnson Heade Essay Example for Free

Martin Johnson Heade Essay Martin Johnson Heade (originally Heed), the eldest son in a large family of Joseph Howell Heed was born on 11th August, 1819 in Lumberville, a small rural location near Doylestown in Bucks country of Pennsylvania (Hollis Taggart Galleries, Para. 1). His father owned a farm and a lumber mill. His life is said to have been influenced by the two cousins, Thomas Hicks and Edward Hicks who probably taught him his first art lessons locally. His passion for art grew considerably in the 1840s, and it is around this time that he took a study tour to England and stayed in Rome Italy for two years. By the year 1843, he was residing in New York and later moved to Brooklyn, where he changed his name to Heade, and later on moved to Philadelphia (Hollis Taggart Galleries, Para. 2). In 1848, he took his second academic European tour to return later in 1850. The second trip did not leave him settled either, as he continued to travel while settling down briefly in the towns of St. Louis, New Haven and Providence. It was in this decade that he deeply studied and explored the effects of light on the environment, a subject that was equally dear to American Luminists Sanford Gifford, John Kensett C as well as Fitz Lane Hugh. Consequently he fully got into landscape painting (Hollis Taggart Galleries, Para. 2). In 1859, he rented a studio in the famous tenth street studio building in New York and became a full time painter (Lurie and Mappen, Pp. 355. ) It is in relation to this that he is remembered for his flora, fauna and landscape paintings that do not only have a rich effect of color and light but could also portray some poetic sentiments. Its while operating from the same studio that he met Fredric Edwin Church from the Hudson River school who was later to become his close friend and associate. This period is seen as the turning point in his life as it signaled the onset of his unique lifestyle and a lasting interest in landscape and paintings. In 1863, he interpreted the chaste Latin American coastal landscape in a unique manner and later toured Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in the same year (Hollis Taggart Galleries Para 3). The goal of the tour was to illustrate a complete different version of South American Hummingbirds. He was so enthusiastic about the Hummingbirds that he hoped to prepare an outstanding and an elegant album about these creatures in Britain. Though he hoped to have this album published in Britain, it was never to happen. Hummingbirds however continued to be a dear subject to him as evidenced by the paintings that he did in the rest of life. He continued making trips to the Latin America notably in Nicaragua, Colombia, Jamaica and Panama. In the course of those visits, he studied the local flora and fauna, painting both large and small landscapes of hummingbirds and orchids, works that saw him get recognition at the gallery exhibition in New York and Boston. At the age of sixty four in 1883, Heade got married and moved to St Augustine in Florida. This is where he was to spend the rest of his life while he continued to exhibit his paintings in northern towns such as Boston and Springfield Massachusetts. He was almost forgotten in the New York City but was later rediscovered during the revival of the Hudson River painting school and has from then on been accorded the respect and major status that he commanded out of his outstanding work. In Florida, an oil tycoon and hotel magnate Henry Morris Flagger invited Heade to set up another studio, which was to be last studio, in a building behind Ponce De Leon, a hotel that was owed by Flagger in St Augustine. In his two decades stay at St Augustine prior to his death on September 4 1904, he continued to paint while fascinated by the flora and fauna located in Florida. His works were mainly Cherokee roses, orchids and magnolias (Hollis Taggart Galleries, Para. 4). The works could often depicted the same flower over and over again but in different blooming states thus bringing out the hidden beauty of the environment that is not obvious to many. During his stay in St Augustine Florida and prior to his death, Heade made more than one hundred and fifty pieces of work . Most of this work focused on the exuberant nature and landscape, flowers, sceneries and fruits of the American south , topics that were dear to him also. It is against this background that he is remembered, having not only taken a lot if interest in a rare subject but also having pursued it with vigor, passion and up to the old age. He did what he liked most and did it best. The outstanding feature of any artistic work done by Heade is their capture of their botanic and scientific accuracy. They note every line on the leaf, every mark on the facet, fruit or blossom. The figures below are example of the artistic work done by the 19th century artist and depict the mystery surrounding him and his interest in the natural world. Though the work was done more than a century ago, the beauty and elegance has surpassed the passage time. Fig. 1 Source: http://www. martin-johnson-heade. org/ Although little is documented in writing about Martin Johnson Heade as he left no identifiable body of writing, his contribution to the field of art and painting is immense. Such is evidenced by the Martin Johnson Heade, a function organized and premiering at the Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) in Boson from the 29th day of September 1999 through the 17th of January 2000 which shed light on Martin Johnson Heade as one of the most original and all time artists in the history of mankind (Traditional Fine Art Online Inc, Para. 1). MFA owns an outstanding collection of work done by Heade including about 30 paintings, numerous drawings and other materials such as sketches and sketch books that he used. Although he was practically unknown during his own days, Heade is today also recognized in America as a great romantic painter and uniquely as a master landscape painter as far as floral still life is concerned. With a career that spanned over seventy years, a lot went to his name’s credit as noted during the function organized by MFA, having produced a varied body of work more than any other American artist of the 19th century. Martin Johnson Heade is sure to give new insights into the work of one of the most intriguing of American artists, whose paintings have a strange and almost surreal intensity. Heade was one of Americas most productive and inventive artists, and his work reflects a wide range of talent and creativity. The exemplary work captures such a variety of moods, from his atmospheric effects, the glory of light, the sumptuous warmth of his orchids and tropical scenes, and the inexplicable sensuality of so many of his works in every genre. I hope recognition of his genius grows as more and more people are introduced to these superb paintings (Traditional Fine Art Online Inc, Para. 6). During the popular Mesueum of Fine Arts event, Heade’s favourite hummingbirds painting was revisited. It was recounted that even if he never managed to secure the two hundred subscriptions needed to print his expensive book, which was never printed anyway, he produced four hummingbird chromolithographs for the book and could at the time be viewed in Boston as well as the sixteen paintings that were intended for the gems of Brazil from the Manoogian collection (Traditional Fine Art Online Inc, Para. 7). Earlier on in 1955, a historian and the then director of Macbeth gallery Robert Mclntyre had donated some work done by Heade to the Archives of American Art. Such included his sketch book, notebooks as well as letters and correspondeces between him and his close friend and associate Fredric Edwin Church between the year 1866 and 1899. In addition, they included a detailed notebook about hummingbirds that is handwritten as well as a circa dated in the range between 1853 to 1877. The scattred papers measure 0. 3 linear feet and date between 1853 and 1904. In the year 2007, the above were completely digitized to enhance archiving and are now avilable online as the Martin Johnson Heade Papers Online. They had first received a preliminary level of processing immediately after donation before being microfilmed in the same order that they were donated. The notebook and the sketchbook being the first ones to have been donated were therefore proffesionally conserved in the year 2004. Another area that is seen to have captured Heade’s passion is still lifes of southern flowers especially the magnolia blossoms laid on velevet. This was an advancement of an interest that he had since the 1860’s. In his earlier work in this genre, he had done flowers keenly arranged in an ormate flower vase and placed either on small or a large table, but covered with a mere cloth as opposed to velvet. At the time, he was the first and the only american artist who could create such an extensive body of work either in still lifes or in landscape and environment. In 2004, Heade was again recognized and honored with an outstanding stamp from the United States Postal Servive featuring a piece of his 1890 oil-on-canvas painting otherwise called Giant magnolias on a blue Velvet cloth. There were few artists who emulated head in the 20th century owing to the fact that he was unpopular at the time. However his work and art has been duplicated and forged by many especially in the 20th and 21st century. Such is attributed to the way his work has continued to turn up in garage sales as well as other unlikely places as opposed to works by other artists such as his friend Fredric Edward Church or ohn Kensett.. The popularity of his work can be attributed to the way he related with middle class buyers, his outstanding passion and effort put in as depicted in his various trips and his willigness to distribute his work all the country. Though unknown to him even at the end of his life, Martin johnson Heade was one of the most outstanding artist that ever existed on the face of earth. His passion in what was then an unpopular venture tells it all. His keen interpretation and approach towards the light and the environmet at large, his representation of the same on his paintings as well as his vigor and dedication to distribute his work, all leave no doubt that he did what he loved and in return loved what he did. His work does not only reveal what is unobvious to many but also unearths what is sincerely unknown and his spirit therefore continues to live moreso through his elegant work. Martin Johnson Heade is no doubt a legend whose life deserves recognition by and over generations while his work continues to demand respect over centuries. Works Cited: Hollis Taggart Galleries. Hollis Taggart Gallaries. 2007. 26 May 2010 http://www. hollistaggart. com/artists/biography/martin_johnson_heade/. Mappen, Marc and Maxine N Lurie. Encyclopedia of New Jersey. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2004. Traditional Fine Art Online Inc. Meseum of Fine Arts Boston. 29 September 1999. www. mfa. org. 26 May 2010 http://www. tfaoi. com/newsm1/n1m630. htm.

Restorative Justice: Benefits and Limitations

Restorative Justice: Benefits and Limitations Systems of Restorative Justice have been utilized around the world for many centuries, examples can be found in many civilizations throughout history. In recent times there have been numerous concepts and reinventions of what many believe or feel is the modern restorative justice model of today. This essay will consider some of the strengths and critics of restorative justice, with a focus on some of the latest research and studies. The vast majority of early studies concluded and indicated that the type of restorative justice model, that each examined, was achieving good positive results and appeared to be a viable alternative to incarceration. Later studies however appear to place limitations on these findings and many question the definition and cultural context of restorative justice, concluding that there could be limited merit in the application of restorative justice in modern society. This apparent shift in the thinking of the true efficacy of restorative justice raises many more questions that will need to be addressed with the primary question what is restorative justice? Until a comprehensive and unified definition is developed and all studies and reviews are truly comparative, there may only be limited reliability in the findings or conclusions of any research or study.What is restorative justice? Does it work? Who does it benefit? Is it relevant today? Can it be used for all forms of offending? These are just a few of the many questions that require some form of answer to establish the efficacy of restorative justice in todays society. There are as many supporters as there are critics of the use and efficacy of restorative justice around the world (Daly, 2002). A mixture of restorative justice style paradigms have been in existence and utilized as a method of penalty or reparation in many cultures around the world for many years. The wide spread use has resulted in many styles, forms and types of restorative justice being developed, redeveloped and conceptualized throughout the centuries. Several paradigms are still evolving even today. Progression from the early retribution style practices, to the use of the circle process has been the key component in some cultures. The early use of the circle process by the indigenous people of Canada (Department of Justice Canada, 2000) was one of the first primal steps to what is now developing and considered by many to be the modern form of restorative justice. The circle process of mediation has many forms but the basic principle is a conference style meeting or discussion in a non threatening environment that involves all the relevant parties, victims and offender. The modern concepts of restorative practices, which have evolved from the original circle process, characteristically contain a focus which promotes mutual understanding, respect, acknowledgement and a mutually agreed resolution between the victim and the offender. However there are many who believe that there are some major problems with the modern concept of restorative justice. In a recent study Kathleen Daly (Daly, 2002) highlights the myths that are portrayed by many who advocate the success of restorative justice and who promote the concept as being a successful modern ideology. Daly (Daly, 2002) also suggests that those who promote these myths may be endeavouring to reform the justice system and therefore are accentuating these myths which may also be in part politically motivated to maintain the funding for restorative justice. The view of possible political motivation promoting positive reviews is also expressed in by White (White Perrone, 2005). What is evident is that the re is a lack of reports, studies and information covering the failures of restorative justice. The vast majority of evidence highlights the positives and as suggested by Daly (Daly, 2002) thereby giving the appearance of success for restorative justice. In a 2010 thesis Roberts (Roberts, 2010) evaluated the methodology of how the evaluation of restorative justice practices is conducted. The thesis highlighted the considerable differences in results and outcomes primarily related to the different types of paradigms assessed and in use around the world. The main concerns that regularly appear in most critical reviews and studies focus on the issues related to the lack of a recognised singular definition of restorative justice and how evaluations are conducted (Walgrave, 2011). Around the world there are literally hundreds of definitions each specific to their own culture, ideology and political will. Many discussions have been focused on comparing community justice to restorative styles endeavouring to answer, are they the same or different? (McCold, 2004).This lack of continuity or agreement raises concerns as to the legitimacy or efficacy of many if not all studies and research and the outcomes reported(Walgrave, 2011). Braithwaite (Braithwaite, 2007) pointed out that political desires can also be influential on the application of restorative justice principles. Negative findings on the use of restorative justice or if the public perceived that there was a breakdown in law and order by the overuse of restorative practices, there c ould be a reduction in political support for restorative justice. There however appears to be an element of strength when restorative practices are implemented within the education system (Shaw, 2007), in particular with the very young. The practice of restorative justice has found some merit within the education system, however the success is qualified. In 2007 a report on restorative type practices in Australian schools (Shaw, 2007) highlighted some of the success with these practices and principles in initiating some cultural change within the school environment. The study also found there was considerable support for restorative type practice when actively utilized in facilitating bullying, alienation and harassment situations as well as the reintegration of marginalised students in the school system. Further support for the application of restorative justice style practices within the youth justice system (Hayes Hayes, 2008), concluded that with the requirement for the offender themselves to meet face to face and speak to the victim imparted a strong influence on the outcome. The requirement for the offender to speak to the victim without another person representing them was seen as a strong reinforcement to t he offender of their unacceptable behaviour. A recent study however, conducted in the United Kingdom observed a single student participating in restorative practices to address behaviour problems. The study concluded that restorative practices had no overall effect on improving the students behaviour despite isolated qualified success (Standing, 2012). The study also highlighted a major issue that could have contributed to the failure of the restorative practices. The inability of all sectors of the school staff, in a whole of school approach, to actively and positively engaging in the process created gaps in the continuity thereby reducing the positive outcomes. This result reinforces the necessity for all parties to be willing and dedicated to achieving the desired outcome. Despite some reports and studies showing that there is potential for restorative justice to be successful, as shown in the Victorian schools study (Shaw, 2007), there is however a distinct possibility that the merging of 2 or more of the numerous paradigms, community justice and restorative justice, may lead to uncertainty, ambiguity and misinterpretation thereby creating a doubt in the efficacy of either (McCold, 2004). In other studies the face to face benefit or disincentive to the victim is considered and investigations (Stubbs, 2009) have shown that the impact on the victim in sexual assaults, where they are required to face the offender may create more problems for the victim and be far from beneficial as a restorative practice. Apologies (Choi Severson, 2009)appear to be the main criteria that many practitioners of restorative justice promote and the actual impact on the victim may not be as favourable as most believe. One study that had appeared to report a positive conclusi on (Okimoto, Wenzel, Feather, 2012) supporting restorative justice however examination of the results showed a tendency favour the offender rather than the victim. The victims of crime are still peripheral to the justice system and feel intimidated and can find the offender has no remorse and that the apology is insincere (Choi Severson, 2009). Some offenders have been observed making positive assertions, promises and apologies with the desire simply to obtain a reduction or dismissal of punishment only to later reoffend with no remorse or consideration for the affirmations previously made (Walgrave, 2011). Recidivism is an area of concern as was demonstrated and highlighted by Pranis (Pranis, 2004). Despite what appeared at first to be a successful use of restorative justice in a case involving theft the youth offender apologised to the elderly victim and promised not to reoffend. However the victim later became aware of another incident involving the same youth and requested another face to face meeting with the youth offender. The victim reinforced the disgust at the offenders lack of respect for the victim and the disappointment of broken promises previously made. The victim requested the offender reaffirm the promises, maintain contact with the victim and refrain from further offending (Pranis, 2004). The offender showed great remorse and has remained free from offending post the second meeting. This success however relied heavily upon the very strong character and tenacity of the original victim which would probably not be replicated in the vast majority of situations. The outcome s for some processes appear to be offender orientated with very little consideration for the needs of the victim. There has been a consistency demonstrated in many studies reporting positively how effective restorative justice practices have been found. These positives may be creating a mistaken attitude to the effectiveness of restorative justice. Choi (Choi, Bazemore, Gilbert, 2012) highlights the lack of negative reviews and reinforces some of the problems, as demonstrated within this essay, that may result from the overabundance of positive results. In conclusion the questions proposed at the beginning of this essay will still need to be carefully examined in other forums. What is restorative justice? There is no simple answer. Does it work? In very limited and qualified situations. Who does it benefit? It appears to favour the offender in the majority of situations. Is it relevant today? Many would suggest that it is more relevant. Can it be used for all forms of offending? Agreement appears to support limited use within targeted offending. With no widely accepted definition and the lack of a standard paradigm, comparisons and the true evaluation of the strengths and critics of restorative justice may remain a contentious issue for many years to come. There appears to be a growing amount of information available that indicates that the use of restorative justice has only limited effectiveness, primarily with youth, and the use of restorative justice in the adult realm may have no measurable efficacy. There is much ambiguity and contradiction in the use of restorative justice, much of which will need to be rectified to allow the advancement of the principles. The strengths and success of current restorative practices must largely rest with the facilitators, whilst allowing the academics to solve the dilemmas in definition and paradigm.

Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice :: Merchant of Venice Essays

Shylock in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice Shylock is a Jew in the play "The merchant of Venice". He has a daughter called Jessica and he is in many ways a victim of anti-Semitism. Shakespeare brings across Shylock as a Jew using many different devices. For example he uses anti-Semitism to show that Shylock is meant to be portrayed as an isolated character. Anti-Semitism was based on religious grounds back then, they held the belief that Jews murdered Christ and were therefore in the league of the devil, this is why the Christians in the play and the directors of the play are vengeful towards Shylock. I believe that Shakespeare deliberately isolates Shylock, which then makes the play more effective, because putting all Christians in the play wouldn't give the play such a strong plot, as it has now. There would be no verbally abusive things said to both the Christians and the Jew and no remarks or stage directions used to show Shylock as the outsider, because the Christians would have treated him like one of their own! From the occurrences at that time, there were no rumours going around about the Jews which were mostly all made up, but it then gave Shakespeare an incentive, which resulted in portraying Shylock as the villain. Firstly, what is definitely noticeable is that Shylock is presented as an outsider. A way that this is proven is when you look at the directors, entrance notes an exit notes, they stand out considerably because Shakespeare writes Shylock "The Jew" this immediately denotes a difference within the play. Another way that Shakespeare is making the audience consider the fact Shylock's an outsider, is his use of language. It's very repetitive and it's conspicuous he's an outsider, he ends his sentences wit "well" every time. The sort of treatment that Shylock obtains from the other characters is that of a more aggressive and rude nature, but Shylock returns their vicious comments by a play on words and his hate for Christians,

Burglary Prevention Program Essay

Type of Research Design   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research is looking forward to adopt the Quantitative Tradition of research.   The Quantitative Tradition of Research employs the method that is based on testing of theories. In addition, such also uses measurement of numbers and statistical analysis. The idea behind quantitative research is often to ascertain that a generalized theory or the prediction of a theory will be confirmed by using a statistical method.   Initially, quantitative research starts with the hypothesis and the theories that require being tested (Benz and Newman, 1998). The approach of quantitative research includes the use of formal and generally recognized instruments. In most instances, quantitative research conducts studies with an underlying expectation that a consensus would be arrived at.   As such, quantitative research usually aims to conclude a predictable generalization, and a causal explanation(Benz and Newman, 1998). Quantitative research also studies controlled and manipulated the participants on experiments and puts immense emphasis on deduction and analysis; as the goal of the aforementioned is to establish consensus by reducing data to numerical indications.   In effect of this, it could be significantly noted that the goal of quantitative research is the determination a given prediction, as the aforementioned seeks to know if certain generalizations could be verified or confirmed. In general, the quantitative methodology assumes that there is an objective reality which is independent of the person doing the research, it also takes the position that the subject of study can be done in an objective manner. The researcher must maintain independence from the research object. And the research is not expected to be value affected as the researcher must make sure that he or she does not become a part of the research (Benz and Newman, 1998) . The quantitative methodology tests cause and effect by using deductive logic. When done correctly a quantitative research will be able to predict, and explain the theory in question (Benz and Newman, 1998). Type of Sampling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sampling is the process of identifying the respondents for a particular research in order to attain the data that is necessary for a particular study. Such is also relevant in order to avoid the difficulty of administering the survey on an entire population (Ghauri et al, 1995).   Ã‚  According to Aaker et al (1995) research should cater to a target population that has all the necessary information for the research such as sampling elements, sampling units, and area of coverage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research is looking forward to adopt a Cluster Sampling procedure from a number of participants from various police departments who have adopted the burglary prevention that is similar to the Burglary Prevention Program employed by the chief of police in the author’s respective state. Cluster sampling is the process wherein the respondents are chosen in clusters such as police departments in various cities and/or   states using the same burglary prevention and the likes.   This type of sampling is advantageous to save traveling time and cist reduction.   It is also convenient in order to find a good number of participants who since the aforementioned are grouped into clusters (Ghauri et al, 2000). Units of Sampling to be Employed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining the sample size for the survey is very relevant because much of the validity of the quantitative data of the research rests upon it. For the purpose of this part of the research, the research will be focusing on the sample size’s confidence interval and confidence level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The confidence interval is the plus-or-minus figure that determined the confidence results of a particular study. For the purpose of this research, the projected confidence interval is plus or minus 1.75 on a 95% confidence level and a 120 population size.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, the confidence level tells the percentage on how the results of the study could be sure. Often times, the confidence level is expressed in percentage and tells how frequently the population on the study would pick an answer that is within the confidence interval. For the purpose of this study, the author used the 95% confidence level which is most used confidence level among researches (Benz and Newman, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As such, in analyzing the data for the survey, the research will have to look into a 95% confidence with a plus or minus 1.75 intervals. The wider that the confidence level that the research has to work on, the more certain as well that the population response would be more or less within that range.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the purpose of the research, the following formula will be used for the Sample Size (Benz and Newman, 1998). ss = z2 * (p) * (1-p) _________________ c2 Where as: ss= the minimum sample size z = z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level) p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal (.5 used for sample size needed) c = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., .04 =  ±4) There are three major factors that would affect the confidence intervals, these are the sample size, percentage and the population size.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A huge sample size would make the results of the research mirror exactly that of the population. This implies that a for every confidence level, a huge sample size reflects a more small confidence interval. Albeit it should be noted that the relationship between them is not linear that if one would double the sample size, such would also make the confidence interval go up (Benz and Newman, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The percentage of a particular response from the survey also is a determinant for accuracy. For instance if a particular response says 51%, therefore it implies that there is a 49% chance of the responses being erroneous. However if the response rates reveal a 99% positive response versus a 1% negative response, there would be no significant difference at all (Benz and Newman, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The population size also matters when one is studying a segment of population that is relatively small such as those from the specific hotels being studied. On the other hand, if a research would be conducting a study from a very huge population, like for instance 500,000 or more, the size of the sample a sample size that is close to that exact number does not appear to be that relevant (Benz and Newman, 1998). Reliability and Validity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study’s reliability and validity go hand in hand as patterns of measurement depend on both the dependent and independent variables (Zikmund, 1994). Reliability primarily focuses on the internal consistency and the repeatability of the variables within the research. On the other hand, validity centers on the correctness and appropriateness of the question that one intends to measure (Ghauri et al, 1995). According to Chisnall (1997), validity is generally considered and established through the relationship of the instrument to the content, criterion or construct that it attempts to measure. A lack of validity can lead to incorrect conclusion. Analysis of Data   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the purpose of the survey, the data that will be gathered will be analyzed using the SPSS Software. SPSS (Statistical Products and Service Solutions) is a powerful, easy to use statistical package designed in a Windows environment, which enabled researchers to tap into various options of interpreting data (Griego and Morgan, 2000, p. 2). SPSS has been viewed as the premiere statistical software that are primarily being used to interpret quantitative research results due to its ease of use, technical support, ease of installation, scope of capabilities, user interface, graphical components, and so forth (Hilbe, 2005, p. 68).   Independent and Dependent Variables Independent Variable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The independent variable is the causal factor that shapes or determines the dependent variable.   This type of variable is subjected to arbitrary change that is necessary in order to test the results of a particular test (Crown, 1998). The independent variable for this research is the effectiveness of the Burglary Prevention Program. Dependent Variables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dependent variables are is a variable that depends on the independent variable for change.   It is also known as the criterion variable (Crown, 1998). The dependent variables of the research are risk management strategies employed by a particular department such as proper identification of criminal vulnerability areas, use of effective detection alarms, and employee training. Data Collection The researcher will collect data based on primary and secondary methods. Secondary Data Collection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ghaury et al (1995) emphasized the importance of secondary data collection most especially through desk or library research. The review of related literature provided a scholarly perspective on the subject matter and at the same time made the researcher aware of both previous and contemporary research on the subject matter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The data collection for secondary sources will be lifted from Questia Media America, an on-line Research Library and EBSCO Host with a special emphasis on literatures from London. Primary Data Collection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the primary data collection, the researcher will be focusing on getting the data that are exactly needed for the research. With prior consideration on the objectives and the literature that will be collected by the researcher, a   seven-point survey will be formulated. Surveys  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary data that the research will use will be lifted based on distributing the questionnaires and survey forms through snail mail, e-mail, telephone conversation and personal interactions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Ritchie & Goeldner (1994) the process of telephone interview or survey for that matter includes conversing with an interviewee through the use of a telephone, rather than do it in person. In some ways, it could be said that a telephone survey is more preferred than a personal survey because it is relatively faster and could have prevented administrative problems. In addition with these, telephone surveys are relatively more cost effective and have the capability to reach those individuals that could not be reached locally. Although this method appears to be very cost effective,   it also proved to be impersonal in nature.   One major reason is the interviewer’s failure to see the exact reaction of the respondents on certain questions. .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Chisnall (1997) said that the process of mailing questionnaires include the use of mailing a set of questions to a certain sample population. Such a method could be said to be also relatively cheaper and assures anonymity and confidentiality. Such a method is also preferred when the respondents for the study are located in various locations and a phone interview appears to be not possible. Also, a mailed questionnaire could allow the respondents answer to the questions at their convenience; albeit, it could be significantly noted that it has also been perceived that there is a relatively low response rate on questionnaires. It is said by Chisnall (1977) that a 30% return of questionnaires is already relevant. In addition with this, it could be possible that the respondents might not have understood the questions in the survey form, and a discrepancy could also show in the results. Finally, similar to telephone interviews, the interviewer could also not see the body languages of the interviewee. Justification of the Selected Method   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the purpose of this research, the author will be conducting a pen and paper measurement survey that was sent via e-mail, mail, and personal administered basis. The respondents need to answer question based on a Likert Type Scale which ranks responses in seven different levels: Highly Agree, Agree, Somewhat Agree, Neutral, Somewhat Disagree, Disagree, Highly Disagree and Not Applicable. Whenever applicable, the questionnaires will be asked to be answered on a personal basis in order to avoid errors and discrepancy on the results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The self-administered questionnaires offered a higher response rate and are also relatively cost effective (Bryman, 1992). Foremost of its advantage rests on the notion that the process of data gathering could be more personal and also the researcher could have clarify certain notions that could be unclear on the survey form. However, one distinct disadvantage of such a method is the difficulty of administrating the survey to multiple respondents all at the same time. In addition, the self-administered data gathering could be very time consuming as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the time constraints and the monetary concerns that the research might post, the author perceived that it would be more effective for the survey to be administered on a personal or electronic basis, such as the e-mail. Whenever applicable, questionnaires will be also mailed. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire will be made in a manner that will promote a detailed, precise and logical construction of close-ended question. In addition with this, the questions will also be made in accordance with the hypotheses and the objectives of the research (Oppenheim, 1992).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The questions will be formulated using a 7-Point Likert Type Scale and will be Close-Ended in Nature. Such is relevant so that respondents would only have to encircle the designated number of their corresponding responses (Oppenhein, 1992). In addition with this, close-ended questions are very easy to answer and could enable the researcher create a summated value that could be use for data analysis. Ethical Considerations in Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practices (Bailey, 1994, p. 454).   Utmost on the ethical considerations that this research will focus on is the notion of Informed Consent.   Informed consent is the process wherein respondents are made fully aware of the purpose of the study, possible dangers, and also the credentials of the researchers.   As such, in doing a survey, it is often the case that there is an introductory statement that will accompany the said questionnaire. The aforementioned are relevant in order to induce individuals to participate in a study in a voluntary manner.   For the purpose of the study, the researcher will be providing the respondents with an introductory statement that will accompany their questionnaire.  Ã‚   After reading such, the probable respondents will decide if they wanted to participate in the study or not.   This is very important in order to prevent duress and probable respondents would participate in the study on their own free will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has also been pointed out by Bailey (1994) that sampling could also pose some issues in research as they could have pose privacy issues.   It could be the case that on the course of primary data gathering upon 120 respondents in various police departments, and the respondents felt that there are a number of questions that appears to be invading their privacy, then it could be the case that such an issue could pose a problem in terms of not only the ethical considerations among the respondents but also the validity of the data to gathered as respondents may not choose to answer truthfully such an answer. In the nature of this research, the issue would be a matter of program effectiveness on burglary security.   As such, the research would be cautious to questions that would require respondents to reveal personal information and also specific experiences that could place the respondent in a disposition of inconvenience.  Ã‚   As such it is also then part of the proposed methodology for the study , the anonymity of the respondents.   The responses of the participants will be kept confidential and will only be used for the purpose of the study.       References Aaker, D. A. and Day G. S. 1990. Marketing Research, 4ed. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. Bailey K. 1994, Methods of Social Research. New York, New York: The Free Press. Benz C. and Newman I, 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Chisnall P. M., 1997. Marketing Research, 5ed., Berkshire: McGraw-Hill. Crown W. 1998.   Statistical Models for the Social and Behavioral Sciences Multiple Regression and Limited-Dependent Variable Models. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Ghauri, P., Gronhaug, K. and Kristianslund, I., 1995. Research Methods In Business Griego O. and Morgan G. (2000). SPSS for Windows: An Introduction to Use and Interpretation in Research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Studies: A Practical Guide. Great Britain: Prentice Hall. Hilbe J. , 2005. A Review of SPSS 12.01, Part 2. The American Statistician 58 (2), pp. Oppenhein, A. N,, 1992. Questionnaire Design Interviewing and Attitude Measurement. London: Pinter. Ritchie B. and Goeldner C. R., 1994. Travel, Tourism and Hotel Researcher. New York: Wiley and Sons, Inc. Zikmund, G. W., 1994. Exploring Marketing Research. Dryden

Concept of the Manifest Destiny Essays

Concept of the Manifest Destiny Essays Concept of the Manifest Destiny Paper Concept of the Manifest Destiny Paper Describe the concept of the Manifest Destiny and analyze its impact on the nineteenth-century South and West. How were the ideas of expansionists similar or different from the goals and experiences of ordinary migrants? What effect did the movement of thousands of individuals to the West and Southwest in the 1840’s and 1850’s have on indigenous peoples? This writing assignment will attempt to describe the concept of Manifest Destiny and analyze its impact on the nineteenth-century of the South and West. I will also elaborate on how the ideas of the expansionists were similar and different from the goals and experiences of ordinary migrants. In closing, I will describe the effect the movement of thousands of individuals to the Manifest Destiny is defined by Dictionary. com as â€Å"the belief or doctrine, held chiefly in the middle and part of the 19th century, that it was the destiny of the U. S. to expand its territory over the whole of North America and to extend and enhance its political, social, and economic influences (Random House Dictionary). It is also defined as â€Å"a policy of imperialistic expansion defended as necessary or benevolent and the United States had the right and duty to expand throughout the continent (The American Heritage, Dictionary of the English Language). According to Wikipedia, it is the historical belief that the United States was destined and seaboard to the Pacific Ocean (Wikipedia. com). In other words, the Manifest Destiny was a concept that influenced American policy in the 1800’s. It was the driving force behind the rapid expansion of America into the West from the East and was heavily promoted in newspapers, posters and through other media. It also led to the passage of the legislation such as Homestead Act that encouraged Westward colonization and territorial acquisition.

This essay was for a Geography retail class, and I was supposed to gather three articles and compare and contrast the ideas of the aritcle with the main topic which was shopping malls in N.America.

This essay was for a Geography retail class, and I was supposed to gather three articles and compare and contrast the ideas of the aritcle with the main topic which was shopping malls in N.America. Shields, Rob., 1989. Social Spatialization and the built environment: The West Edmonton Mall. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 7: 147-64.Shields article explores numerous aspects of social spatialization and the environment of the West Edmonton Mall. The development of this world class tourist attraction became the "largest, comprehensive tourist attraction ever built in the universe" (Shield, 150). The city of Edmonton needed a world class tourist attraction, needed a place were people would come to instead of going to other cities in the world to find the same thing. In this article Shield's provide a well analyzed and clear setting towards on how the Mall is becoming a substitute for the Street, and the contrast between the mall users or more specific 'post-shoppers' and 'mall rats'. One of the first point Shields mentions is the architecture of the mall, how the exterior is created with concrete and brick, and inside there is a bricolage of historicist recreations a nd high tech fantasy for example, a water park, ice rink, roller coaster, a three hundred and fifty room hotel and 'streetscapes' replica such as "Europa Boulevard", and New Orleans's Bourbon street.Chinatown, West Edmonton Mall, Edmonton, Alberta, ...The Mall is built "under one roof" to offer the participants worry free of the weather conditions. The creation of this mall followed the same typology for other malls across North America, to have "two anchor department store at each end of a long street of specialty shops" (Shield, 150). Furthermore, Shields explains the reason of success for the mall it "defies conventional marketing wisdom" (Shields, 151). The development of the mall started at the right time during the decline in the oil industry in Alberta, and in turn it became a huge success, in 1987 it became the third best tourist attraction to visit respectively behind...